Basmati () is a variety of long, slender-grained aromatic rice which originates from the Indian subcontinent, mainly in the regions of Nepal, Punjab, Haryana, Sindh and many other states and provinces of India and Pakistan.[ Big money in "specialty rices" Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations (2002)] , India accounted for 65% of the international trade in basmati rice, while Pakistan accounted for the remaining 35%.[ Rice Sales From India to Reach Record as Iran Boosts Reserve Bloomberg News (13 February 2014)] however, basmati is geographically exclusive to certain districts of India and Pakistan.[ Madhya Pradesh loses GI tag claim for Basmati; India may ask Pakistan to check farming Financial Express (19 March 2018)]
According to the Indian Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), a rice variety is eligible to be called basmati if it has a minimum average precooked milled rice length of and average precooked milled rice breadth of up to , among other parameters.
History and etymology
Etymology
The word Basmati is derived from two root words in Sanskrit;
vas meaning fragrance and
mayup meaning present or ingrained. When combining the two,
mayup becomes
mati resulting in
vasmati more commonly pronounced as
Basmati.
History
Basmati rice is believed to have been cultivated in the Indian subcontinent for centuries. The earliest mention of basmati rice was made in the epic
Heer Ranjha composed by the Punjabi poet,
Waris Shah in 1766.
Production and cultivation
India accounts for over 70% of the world's basmati rice production.
A small portion of that is being
Organic farming. Organisations such as Kheti Virasat Mission are trying to increase the amount of organic basmati rice that is being grown in Indian Punjab,
Himachal Pradesh and
Haryana.
In India
The areas which have a geographical indication for basmati rice production in India are in the states of
Uttarakhand,
Bihar,
Punjab,
Haryana,
Himachal Pradesh,
Delhi, western
Uttar Pradesh,
Odisha and Jammu and Kashmir.
India's total basmati production for the July 2011 – June 2012 crop year was five million tonnes.
From April 2018 to March 2019, India exported 4.4 million metric tons of basmati rice.
In 2015–2016, Saudi Arabia, Iran and UAE were the three biggest destinations for India's basmati rice exports and exports to these three countries accounted for more than half of India's total basmati exports. Others are exported to
Australia,
Canada,
European Union,
South Africa,
New Zealand,
Turkey,
United Kingdom and
United States.
In 2015–2016, basmati rice worth US$3.4 billion was exported from India.
In Pakistan
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Pakistan's original basmati area lies in the Kalar bowl between the Ravi and Chenab rivers. Almost all the cultivation of basmati takes place in the Punjab province where total production was in 2010.
[ Rice export: 'Pakistan has potential of $4b but barely touches $1b' . The Express Tribune. 8 February 2012.][ Global market: Pakistani basmati may slip down the pecking order . The Express Tribune. 19 July 2012.][Cheema, N., 2015. Inefficiencies in Basmati Trade in Pakistan. International Policy Digest, (7 Dec).[6] ] In fiscal year 2020, basmati exports stood at 890,207 tonnes valuing $790 million.
In overall basmati exports,
European Union,
Turkey and
United Kingdom holds a 40% share while the rest are exported to Gulf countries,
Australia,
Canada,
South Africa,
New Zealand and
United States.
In Indonesia
Indonesia produced its own local variant of basmati in
West Java and Central Kalimantan, with production capacity estimated to reach up to 8.2 tonnes per hectare.
Basmati seeds were first brought from Pakistan in 2007; however, the seeds were unable to be grown due to soil incompatibility. The Ministry of Agriculture then managed to produce and cultivate a hybrid between basmati and local rice in 2017.
In Nepal
Basmati rice is produced mainly in the
Terai region of
Nepal and some parts of
Kathmandu valley. Unique Nepali varieties of basmati rice were barred from export to other parts of the world although this ban might be lifted.
In Sri Lanka
Small amounts of basmati rice, especially red basmati rice, are being cultivated in the tropical wet zone areas of
Sri Lanka.
Aroma and flavour
Basmati rice has a typical
pandan-like (
Pandanus amaryllifolius leaf) flavour caused by the
aroma compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline.
Basmati grains contain about 0.09 ppm of this aromatic chemical compound naturally, a level that is about 12 times as much as non-basmati rice varieties, giving basmati its distinctive fragrance and flavour.
[ Big money in "speciality rices" Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations (2002)] This natural aroma is also found in cheese, fruit and other cereals. It is a flavoring agent approved in the United States and Europe, and is used in bakery products for aroma.
[Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Sixth Edition, George A. Burdock (2009), CRC Press, , p. 36]
During cooking, the level of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline decreases. Soaking the rice for 30 minutes before cooking permits 20% shorter cooking times and preserves more of the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline.
Glycemic index
According to the Canadian Diabetes Association, basmati, brown, wild, short and long grain rice has a medium
glycemic index (between 56 and 69), opposed to
jasmine rice and
Instant rice with a glycemic index of 89, thus making it more suitable for
as compared to certain other grains and products made from white flour.
Varieties and hybrids
There are several varieties of basmati rice. Traditional Indian types include basmati 370, basmati 385, and basmati Ranbirsinghpura (R.S.Pura) and Gujjar Chack area in Jammu province situated at the India-Pakistani border in Jammu Kashmir state of India. 1121 and Muradabadi 6465 Extra Long Grain Rice. Pakistani basmati rice varieties are PK 385, Super Kernel Basmati Rice, and D-98.
Scientists at Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Delhi, used conventional plant breeding to produce a hybrid semi-dwarf plant which had most of the good features of traditional basmati (grain elongation, fragrance, alkali content). This hybrid was called Pusa Basmati-1 (PB1; also called "Todal", because the flower has awns); crop yield is up to twice as high as traditional varieties. Fragrant rices that are derived from basmati stock but are not true basmati varieties include PB2 (also called sugandh-2), PB3, and RS-10.
Approved varieties
Dehradun Basmati (Indian)
Dehradun Basmati or traditional basmati rice variety type 3
is a group of various basmati varieties that originated in the present day Dehradun of
Uttarakhand, India. From Dehradun the variety was propagated and grown in other regions of Uttarakhand, most notably in Tapovan, Tehri. The basmati varieties collectively known as Dehradun Basmati are significant because of their higher grain quality, unique 'popcorn' aroma and flavour.
The Dehradun Basmati has also been the source of other GMO varieties grown in present-day Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana.
Despite not all varieties having received official GI certification Dehradun Basmati varieties consistently rank among the highest rated rice varieties in the world and are distinct for their popcorn like aroma. The popcorn aroma is among some of the special properties basmati exhibits when grown under the agro-climatic conditions of the Himalayan region. The variety is significant to the farmer identity in state of Uttarakhand, for whom it is among the most profitable crops.
Indian varieties
Basmati,
Punjab region, type III Uttar Pradesh, hbc-19 Safidon, 386 Haryana, Kasturi (Baran, Rajasthan), Muradabadi Basmati 6465, Basmati 198, Basmati 217, Basmati 370 Bihar, Kasturi, Mahi Suganda, Pusa 1121,
Pusa 1718,
Pusa 1509,
Pusa 1692,
Pusa 1637,
Pusa 1401 and
1121 Basmati.
Pakistani varieties
Basmati 370 (Pak Basmati), Super Basmati (Best Aroma), Basmati Pak (Kernal), 386 or 1121 basmati rice, Basmati 385, Basmati 515, Basmati 2000, Basmati 198 and Chanab Basmati.
Related varieties from around the world
In Indonesia, the variant of basmati called
baroma (basmati aromatik; aromatic basmati) was launched in February 2019.
This variant could be grown in low-altitude terrain and managed to attract interest among potential middle-to-upper class consumers.
In the United States, a variety of rice based on basmati called Texmati is grown in Texas. The rice is produced by RiceSelect,
In Kenya, a rice variety called Pishori or Pisori is grown in the Mwea region.[Lodhi, A.Y., 2019. "Linguistic and Cultural Contributions of Gujarat in Eastern Africa." In Knowledge and the Indian Ocean (pp. 225-243). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, Switzerland.]
Basmati certification
The Basmati Mark is a DNA-fingerprinting-based certification done by the laboratory of Basmati Export Development Foundation (BEDF).
On 15 February 2016, the Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), an autonomous organisation under the Department of Commerce in India, registered basmati rice as a product with Geographical Indication (GI).
Adulteration
Difficulty in differentiating genuine basmati from other types of rice and the significant price difference between them has led fraudulent traders to adulterate basmati rice with crossbred basmati varieties and long-grain non-basmati varieties. In Britain, the Food Standards Agency found in 2005 that about half of all basmati rice sold was adulterated with other strains of long-grain rice, prompting rice importers to agree to a code of practice.
[British Retail Consortium (July 2005). Code of practice on Basmati rice ] A 2010 UK test on rice supplied by wholesalers found 4 out of 15 samples had cheaper rice mixed with basmati, and one had no basmati at all.
A PCR-based assay similar to DNA fingerprinting in humans allows adulterated and non-basmati strains to be detected, with a detection limit from 1% adulteration upwards with an error rate of ±1.5%.[ Basmati rice collaborative trial - FA0110 . defra.gov.uk] Exporters of basmati rice use purity certificates based on DNA tests for their basmati rice consignments.[Archak, Sunil et al. (2007). "High-throughput multiplex microsatellite marker assay for detection and quantification of adulteration in Basmati rice (Oryza sativa)" and Lakshminarayana, V. et al. (2007). "Capillary Electrophoresis Is Essential for Microsatellite Marker Based Detection and Quantification of Adulteration of Basmati Rice ( Oryza sativa)"].] Based on this protocol, which was developed at the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, the Indian company Lab India has released kits to detect basmati adulteration.[ Basmati Testing - Basmati Verifiler Kit . Labindia.]
Patent battle
In September 1997, an American company,
RiceTec, was granted U.S. Patent No. 5,663,484 on "basmati rice lines and grains". The patent secured lines of basmati and basmati-like rice and ways of analyzing that rice. RiceTec, owned by
Hans-Adam II of
Liechtenstein, faced international outrage over allegations of
biopiracy. It also caused a brief diplomatic crisis between India and the United States, with India threatening to take the matter to the
WTO as a violation of TRIPS, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Both voluntarily and due to review decisions by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, RiceTec lost or withdrew most of the claims of the patent, including, most importantly, the right to call their rice products
basmati.
[ "Bid for patent for basmati rice hits a hurdle", The Hindu, 5 November 2006] A more limited varietal patent was granted to RiceTec in 2001 on claims dealing with three strains of the rice developed by the company.
[ "India-Pakistan battle on Basmati Rice" , The New York Times] The original patent expired in 2019.
See also
External links
